1. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze kuri acide nucleic: clomic genomic
2. PCR idasanzwe kugirango itegure ADN imwe imwe kugirango ikurikirane ADN
3. Kumenya uturere twa ADN tutazwi na PCR ihindagurika
4. Guhindura inyandiko-mvugo PCR (RT-PCR) ikoreshwa mugutahura urwego rwerekana imiterere ya gene mu ngirabuzimafatizo, ingano ya virusi ya RNA hamwe na clon itaziguye ya cDNA ya genes zihariye.
5. Fluorescence yuzuye PCR ikoreshwa mugukurikirana igihe nyacyo ibicuruzwa bya PCR
6. Kwiyongera byihuse kwa cDNA birangira
7. Kumenya imvugo ya gene
8. Gusaba ubuvuzi: kumenya indwara za bagiteri na virusi;gusuzuma indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzima fatizo;gusuzuma ibibyimba;ikoreshwa ku bimenyetso by'ubucamanza